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cybersecurity management, namely Singapore, Estonia and the European Union (EU). It is

important to learn how they manage cybersecurity, for example, to develop a key mechanism
by setting up the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) to be the main mechanism for

coordinating and setting direction for development of national cybersecurity, as well as some

cybersecurity fund such as Estonia’s Tiger Leap (Tiigrihüpe) Fund, and to develop regional
cybersecurity networks like the European Union Network and the Information Security (ENISA).

The study of the policies and approaches of these cases are beneficial for Thailand and ASEAN

to consider applying according to each country’s condition and environment.
Studies and synthesis from this research on the three non-traditional security issues

lead to policy recommendations to enhance capacity to dean with such threats as follows:

1. As the ASEAN Chair in 2019, Thailand should step up its role in dealing with human
trafficking irregular migration, and cybercrime, through turning them into ASEAN’s common

agenda based on existing bilateral and ASEAN mechanisms. ASEAN is a regional platform for

facilitating harmonization in ASEAN member states with a more frequent meeting and
cooperation with external dialogue partners. These partners, including the United States. China,

EU, and Japan, can play an important role in helping Thailand and ASEAN in this regard.

2. Build a sustainable system and integrating work among all relevant government
agencies. In particular, a specialized unit should be established as a knowledge hub, starting

from being a compact agency aimed at building up capacity first, which can be named “Anti-

Human Trafficking Office” (AHTO).
3. Thailand should develop concepts and methods more on anti-human trafficking

strategies to resolve the problems from “root cause,” which will break the cycle of other

threats. This should concentrate on the roles of the relevant agencies which have expertise
in protection, as well as setting a plan of action and efficient implementation, rather than

focusing on the prosecution which Thailand and ASEAN have already quite effectively

implemented.
4. Both Thailand and ASEAN should, without delay, develop the “working definition” so

that the relevant authorities and all sectors of the society have the same understanding to

address non-traditional security issues, such as irregular migration, cybercrime. The definition
can be adopted from the existing global and regional ones, thereby setting common

approaches and guidelines to deal with common problems more effectively.

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