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ASEAN cooperation on irregular migration began in 2015, owing to the Rohingya

migration crisis. The key is to adapt from an ad hoc nature to creating forum that all related
countries – origin, transit, and destination – as stakeholders can involve with ASEAN as a core

in resolving the irregular migration issue. At least it may start using mechanisms such as ASEAN

Secretariat and ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster
Management (AHA Centre).

The case of Colombian migration, over 3 million people, can be best practice. To solve

migration problems, it demonstrates that states in the region can use mechanisms and
instrument which are non-legal binding such as “declaration” and “action plan” to develop

common definition and seeking effective and sustainable approaches in resolving migration

issues. Then, they focus more on creating a “protection regime”, preventing the problems
from the “root cause”, and regulate movements consistently at both national and regional

levels.

Moreover, the conditions of non-traditional security threats are associated with the
development and transformation of the world, especially information and communication

technology, which has become a new channel for crime. In Chapter 4, Cybersecurity is an

issue of great interest nowadays. This issue requires understanding to cope with the increasing
cyber threats. Thailand, as a full-fledged digital society, must improve its own capacity to cope

with these threats, both in terms of strategy and policy development. It has already prepared

for this trend by enacting the National Cybersecurity Strategy, B.E. 2560-2564 (2017-2021), the
Strategic Plan of Ministry of Digital Economy and Society, B.E. 2563-2567 (2020–2024), and the

Cybersecurity Act, B.E. 2562 (2019). However, Thailand needs to improve its own cyber

capacity, firstly to realize internet safety and cybercrime; secondly, to train more cybersecurity
experts; and thirdly, to enhance the integration between relevant agencies, as well as

enhancing collaboration with international partners in both bilateral and multilateral levels.

Meanwhile, ASEAN faces the essential challenges to improve regional cybersecurity.
Firstly, ASEAN has its own principles, voluntary/non-binding and non-intervention norms, which

may mitigate the development of ASEAN cybersecurity. Secondly, each ASEAN member is

aware that capacity for cybersecurity depends on the social/political environment and
economic structure. Singapore is a good example and plays a leading role in advancing

ASEAN’s cybersecurity cooperation. Consequently, Thailand and ASEAN can apply some

experiences and knowledge from state or groups of states that are considered successful in

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