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π§√™‘§“‚°â, §π¬“°§π®π„π‡¡◊Õß ·≈– Hull-House

¥—ß∑’Ë William Cronon ‡ πÕ‰«â 牡ࡒ‡¡◊Õß„¥∑’Ë¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠„π°“√

°”Àπ¥¿Ÿ¡‘∑—»πå (landscape) ·≈–‡»√…∞°‘®·∂∫µÕπ°≈“ߢÕߪ√–‡∑»„π™à«ß
10
§√÷ËßÀ≈—ß»µ«√√…∑’Ë 19 ‰¥â‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫™‘§“‚°â

‡¡◊ËÕæàÕ·¡à¢Õ߇®π‡¥‘π∑“ß¡“∂÷ß™‘§“‚°â§√—Èß·√°„πªï 1844 ‡¡◊Õßπ’È¡’
æ≈‡¡◊Õß‡æ’¬ß 8 æ—π§π ·µà¥â«¬»—°¬¿“æ¢Õߧ«“¡‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ß°“√‡¥‘π∑“ß
∑—Èß∑“ß√∂‰ø·≈–∑“ß∫°∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ¡√–À«à“ßΩíòßµ–«—πÕÕ°°—∫µÕπ°≈“ߢÕߪ√–‡∑»

·≈–‡ªìπ»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ßÀ—µ∂°√√¡·≈–°“√´◊ÈÕ¢“¬ ‘π§â“‡°…µ√ ™‘§“‚°â®÷ß¡’ª√–™“°√
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«®“° 1 · π§π„πªï 1860 ‡ªìπ 3 · π§π„πªï 1870 ·≈–

‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ 1 ≈â“π§π„πªï 1889 Õ—π‡ªìπªï∑’ˇ®π‡¥‘π∑“߉ª∂÷ß·≈–‡√‘Ë¡ß“π∑’Ëπ—Ëπ
·≈–‡ªìπªï∑’Ë™‘§“‚°â ·´ßøî≈“‡¥≈‡øﬢ÷Èπ‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß„À≠àÕ—π¥—∫ 2 ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»
11
µ“¡À≈—߇撬ßπ§√𑫬Õ√å§

π’˧◊Õ°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇¡◊Õß·∫∫¡À—»®√√¬å (phenomenal growth) ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬

§«“¡«à“„™â‡«≈“πâÕ¬¡“°∑’Ë®”π«πª√–™“°√‡æ‘Ë¡®“°À≈—°æ—π‡ªìπÀ≈—°≈â“π 12

·¡â‰ø‰À¡â„À≠à„π‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡ §.». 1871 ®–∑”≈“¬∑—Ë«∑—È߇¡◊Õß™‘§“‚°â

∂÷ß 4 „π 5 à«π Õ“§“√∫â“π‡√◊Õπ®”π«π 13,200 À≈—ß∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬ ºŸâ§π 350,000 §π

10
William Cronon, Natureûs Metropolis. Chicago and the Great West. NY: W.W. Norton &
Company, 1991 p. xv
11
Ibid. p. 279
12
Jane Hovde, op.cit. p. 40
122