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®ÕÀåπ ®ä«√åµ ¡‘≈≈å: ™’«‘µ·≈–º≈ß“πÕ—ππà“∑÷Ëß

®ÕÀåπ ¡‘≈≈å ‡ªìππ—°ª√—™≠“·≈–π—°‡»√…∞»“ µ√噓«Õ—ß°ƒ…∑’Ë¡’™’«‘µ
·≈–º≈ß“πÕ—ππà“ π„®¬‘Ëß ‡æ√“–‡¢“‡ªìπ∫ÿµ√¢Õ߇®¡ å ¡‘≈≈å (James Mill,

1773-1836) π—°ª√—™≠“™“« °äÕµ·≈π¥å ´÷Ëß¡’‡æ◊ËÕπ√—°§◊Õ ‡®Õ‡√¡’Ë ‡∫π∏—¡
(Jeremy Bentham, 1748-1832) π—°ª√—™≠“™“«Õ—ß°ƒ…‡®â“¢Õß∑ƒ…Æ’
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Õ—µ∂ª√–‚¬™πåπ‘¬¡ (Utilitarianism) ‡æ◊ËÕπ√—°Õ’°§πÀπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ ø√“π´‘ ‡æ≈
(Francis Place, 1771-1854) ∫ÿ§§≈∑—Èß “¡‡ªìππ—°§‘¥∑’Ë¡’·π«§‘¥‡À¡◊Õπ°—π ·≈–¡’

∫∑∫“∑°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«°“√‡¡◊Õß∑’Ë ”§—≠„πÕ—ß°ƒ…„π¢≥–π—Èπ Õ—π‡ªìπ™à«ß‡«≈“
∑’Ë°“√ªØ‘«—µ‘Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡√‘Ë¡°àÕº≈ –‡∑◊ÕπµàÕ —ߧ¡Õ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß

≈—∑∏‘Õ—µ∂ª√–‚¬™πåπ‘¬¡∂◊Õ‡ªì𧫓¡§‘¥ ”π—°‡ √’π‘¬¡ (Liberal school)
∑’ˇªìπªØ‘°‘√‘¬“µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ—π‡°‘¥®“°‡»√…∞°‘® ¡—¬„À¡à °“√∑’˪√–™“™π
®”π«π¡“°°√–®ÿ°µ—«°—π∑”ß“π„π‡¢µ‚√ßß“π·≈–°≈“¬‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß„À≠à ¡’ºŸâ§π

·ÕÕ—¥ ·≈–™’«‘µ§«“¡‡ªìπÕ¬Ÿà‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬ªí≠À“ “√æ—¥ ‚¥¬‰¥â‡ πÕ«à“π‚¬∫“¬
√—∞µâÕߧ”π÷ß∂÷ߪ√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥¢Õߪ√–™“™π®”π«π¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ (the greatest
happiness for the greatest number) Õπ÷Ëß ·π«§‘¥π’È®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„π ”π—°‡ √’π‘¬¡

‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫·π«§‘¥ —ߧ¡π‘¬¡·∫∫ªØ‘√Ÿª ‡™àπ ‚√‡∫‘√åµ ‚Õ‡«àπ (Rober Owen,
1771-1858) π—°∏ÿ√°‘® ‡®â“¢Õß‚√ßß“π´÷Ë߇ÀÁπ«à“°“√√«¡µ—«°—π¢Õß°√√¡°√
°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π®—¥µ—Èß À°√≥凪ìπ∑“߇≈◊Õ°¢Õß√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®„À¡à·∑π∑’Ë®–„Àâ

π“¬∑ÿπºŸ°¢“¥‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß‚√ßß“π·≈–°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ-°“√®”Àπà“¬∑—ÈßÀ¡¥
°àÕπ∑’Ë·π«§‘¥ —ߧ¡π‘¬¡·∫∫™π™—Èπ·≈–°“√ªØ‘«—µ‘¢Õß≈—∑∏‘¡“√å°´ (Marxism)
®–¡’∫∑∫“∑„π‡«≈“µàÕ¡“

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Jonathan Glover, ed. Utilitarianism and Its Critics. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1990 pp. 5-20

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