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∂“∫—πæ√–ª°‡°≈â“

·µà·¡âπ§√‡Õ‡∏π å¡’®”π«πª√–™“°√¡“°¢π“¥π—Èπ ‰¡à‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡®”π«π
∑’ˇæ≈‚µâ·≈–Õ√‘ ‚µ‡µ‘È≈§“¥À«—ß ·µàπ§√π’È°Á¡‘‰¥â¢“¥·§≈π§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß

°“√‡¡◊ÕߢÕߪ√–™“™π∑’ËÕ√‘ ‚µ‡µ‘È≈‡ πÕ‰«â‡≈¬ µ√ß°—π¢â“¡ π§√‡Õ‡∏π å°≈—∫
§÷°§—°¥â«¬ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√¢Õßæ≈‡¡◊Õß (the practice of citizenship) 查Ւ°Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß
ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√π’ȇªìπÀ—«„®¢Õßπ§√‡Õ‡∏π å (the very core of life)

‰¥â·°à 1.æ≈‡¡◊Õß™“«‡Õ‡∏π 凢â“√à«¡°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß»“≈ (judicial
processes) π—Ëπ§◊Õ°“√‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°¢Õߧ≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ (Jury) ‡æ◊ËÕµ—¥ ‘𧥒§«“¡µà“ßÊ

2. ‡¢â“√à«¡„π°“√‚µâ«“∑’∂°‡∂’¬ß°—π„π “∏“√≥–‡√◊ËÕßπ‚¬∫“¬À√◊Õª√–‡¥Áπ
µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë¡’ º≈µàÕ°‘®°“√ “∏“√≥– (public debate as an essential preliminary to the
formulation of policy and the making of political decisions) æ≈‡¡◊Õß∑ÿ°§π¡’

‘∑∏‘‡¢â“√à«¡°“√ª√–™ÿ¡¢Õß ¿“ ®“°π—Èπ ®÷ß¡’°“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ° ¿“ºŸâ∫√‘À“√®”π«π
16
500 §π

π’˧◊Õ√–∫Õ∫ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬¢Õß°√’°∑’Ë¡’À≈“¬ΩÉ“¬‡√’¬°«à“ ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬
∑“ßµ√ß (Direct democracy) ·≈–®”π«πª√–™“°√∑’˪√“°Ø„π°√’°°Á‰¥âæ‘ Ÿ®πå

„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“¢π“¥¢Õß™ÿ¡™π¬—߉¡à„™àª√–‡¥Áπ„À≠à ·µà™’È¢“¥∑’Ë°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õß
ª√–™“™π Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ à«πÀπ÷Ëß«à“ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬∑“ßµ√ߢÕß°√’°
17
°√–∑”‰¥â„π™ÿ¡™πÀ√◊Õ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ∑’Ë¡’ª√–™“°√‰¡à¡“°π—° ·µà„π√–¬–À≈—ßÊ
√—∞µà“ßÊ ¡’¢π“¥„À≠à ª√–™“°√¡’®”π«π¡“° ª√–™“™π®÷߉¡àÕ“®‡¢â“‰ª∫√‘À“√

ª√–‡∑»‚¥¬µ√ß ·µà„™â«‘∏’‡≈◊Õ°µ—«·∑π‡¢â“‰ª∑”ß“π°“√‡¡◊Õß·∑π ©–π—Èπ
ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬∑“ßµ√ß®÷߉¡àÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â„π —ߧ¡¬ÿ§ªí®®ÿ∫—π

16
Heater, ibid., p. 4
17
®√Ÿ≠ ÿ¿“æ, À≈—°√—∞»“ µ√å. °√ÿ߇∑æœ: ”π—°æ‘¡æå‰∑¬«—≤π“æ“π‘™, 2518 Àπâ“ 404

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