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§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢Õß ®ÕÀåπ °’‡Ωî√å¥ („π√“¬ß“π¢Õ߇¢“‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√∫√‘À“√
·≈–®—¥°“√∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ∑’ˇ πÕµàÕ√—∞ ¿“Õ—ß°ƒ…) –∑âÕπ„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∑—»π–∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“¬

‡°’ˬ«°—∫ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬·≈–°“√ª°§√Õß∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ„πÕ—ß°ƒ…„π∑»«√√…∑’Ë 1990
°“√¬÷¥¡—Ëπ„π∑—»π–¢Õßµπ·≈–°“√‰¡àøíß°—π (®πÕ“®π”‰ª Ÿà∑“ßµ—π ‰¡à¡’°“√
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß·°â‰¢„¥Ê)

‡¡◊ËÕ查∂÷ߪ√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ·≈–°“√ª°§√ÕߥŸ·≈µπ‡Õß„π√–¥—∫
∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ‡√“¡—°π÷°∂÷ßß“π ”§—≠™◊ËÕ ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬„πÕ‡¡√‘°“ (Democracy

in America) ¢Õßπ—°§‘¥™“«Ω√—Ë߇» ™◊ËÕ Õ‡≈Á°´‘ ‡¥Õ µäÕ§‡§Õ«‘≈≈å (Alexis de
Tocqueville, 1805-1859) º≈ß“π§≈“ ‘°™‘Èππ’ȇ°‘¥®“°°“√‰ª‡¬◊Õπ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπµà“ßÊ

„π À√—∞œ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 9 ‡¥◊Õπ Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È°≈à“«∂÷ß∫∑∫“∑∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß
Õ—π·¢Áߢ—π¢Õß™“«Õ‡¡√‘°—π„π√–¥—∫™ÿ¡™π Õ—π‡ªìπ√“°∞“𠔧—≠¢Õß√–∫Õ∫
ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬√–¥—∫™“µ‘ ·≈–∑âÕß∂‘Ëπµà“ßÊ ‰¥â àßµ—«·∑π‰ª√à«¡°—π √â“ß

ª√–‡∑»„À¡à§◊Õ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ Õ—π‡ªìπ “∏“√≥√—∞„À¡à„πµÕπª≈“¬»µ«√√…∑’Ë 18
·≈– àߺ≈„Àâ À√—∞œ ‡ªìπª√–‡∑»Àπ÷Ëß∑’ˉ¡à¡’§”«à“°“√°√–®“¬Õ”π“®·≈–°“√

ª°§√Õß∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ‡æ√“–∑—Èß Õß ‘Ë߇¢â¡·¢Áßµ—Èß·µà°àÕπµ—Èߪ√–‡∑»·≈â« 2

·µàª√–‡∑»Õ◊ËπÊ ¡‘‰¥â¡’ª√– ∫°“√≥å·∫∫π—Èπ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–¬ÿ‚√ª °“√µàÕ Ÿâ

√–À«à“ß√—∞°—∫∑âÕß∂‘Ëπµà“ßÊ ¡’¡“¬“«π“π¡“° ‡™àπ ∑’ËÕ—ß°ƒ…™à«ßª≈“¬¬ÿ§
»—°¥‘π“ (»µ«√√…∑’Ë 12-15) Àπ૬°“√ª°§√Õß„π√–¥—∫∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ parish,
shire (À√◊Õ county) ·≈– corporate town (À√◊Õ borough) 欓¬“¡√—°…“Õ”π“®

3
¢Õßµπ‰«â ¢≥–∑’ËÕ”π“®¢Õß ∂“∫—π°…—µ√‘¬å¡’¡“°¢÷Èπ √–∫∫°“√‡¡◊Õß

2
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America. Edited and abridged by Richard Heffner, New York:
Mentor Book, 1956
3 th
Tony Byrne, 6 ed. Local Government in Britain. London: Penguin Books, 1994 p. 14

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