Page 30 - kpiebook62006

25

organizations. Therefore, the foundation of democracy in the country would be built from

the community.
3) School or educational institute. School or educational institute is

significant to shape and nurture children and youth to be the good citizens. Politics could

not be separated from education. Politics plays an important role in designing and directing
the national education, or in shaping the citizens’ characteristics. In contrast, education is an

important basis for preparing and building the citizens of the country. In addition, any higher

education institutes with the Faculty of Education in charge of building the graduates to
work as teachers must understand the concept and principle of educational management

for building the citizens because the teacher is an important mechanism for building the

citizens, and is greatly influential to the learners’ belief, thought, and attitude. Finally, the
Researcher viewed that the formal educational management in schools/educational

institutes must not ignore the local community and wisdom. To elaborate, the learners must

learn about the local community while each local community must be involved in the
educational management in each local school that is relevant to the democratic culture.

(1.3) Curriculum management

1) Formal curriculum management. Previously, the curriculum
management has been formulated by the government sector, not by the participation or

recognition of the public sector. The formal educational management in schools or

education institutes must be relevant to the citizenship building in the democratic regime.
Classroom must be a constructive learning source between teachers and learners based on

the participatory approach. Both teachers and learners shall not dominate, but accept and

respect the different views. The learners must argue and discuss rationally so as to achieve
new knowledge and ideas. The learners should also have and improve their skills in

processing facts from various aspects in order to enhance the analytical and synthetic

thought and mutual alternatives. The learners should be encouraged to express freely, but
such freedom must be used properly and usefully for other people and society.

2) Non-formal curriculum management. The non-formal education

providers may be the family, community, government authority, private business
organization, non-profit organization or political institute. Educational management should

be flexible in respect with teaching and learning model, teaching and learning approach,

duration, and measurement and evaluation, which depend on the providers. Meanwhile, the