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only the duty of government authorities, but also other parts and related persons in the

society. This could be seen in Germany where the government subsidizes the political
parties, and the foundations may be established under the political party’s support.

1.5 Mechanisms provoking civic duties and encouraging the exercise of rights and

liberties under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2560 (A.D. 2017)
(1) Mechanism in the government sector and private sector in charge of the

formal educational management, which start from the Ministry of Education, the Ministry

of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, government-owned schools, private
schools, colleges, higher education institutes in both government and private sectors, and

other educational institutes under the National Education Act B.E. 2542 (A.D. 1999) with a

main duty of managing the formal education. The mechanism in this group is important as a
tool of building the learning process for learners regarding citizenship under democracy.

(2) Mechanism in the government sector, private sector, civil society sector,

and family with a main of managing the non-formal education and informal education. At
present, the mechanism in charge of managing the non-formal education and informal

education involves several entities, organizations, and groups, and it is important not less

than the mechanism managing the formal education. This mechanism has the duty of
promoting the educational management for citizenship building among the people who are

not in the formal education system or have completed the formal education already such

as the Office of Election Commission of Thailand, King Prajadhipok’s Institute, Community
Organization, Foundation for the Promotion of Public Policy Studies, Konrad Adenauer

Foundation Thailand, homeschool educational management, etc. They have the duties of

arranging the activities for better knowledge and understanding, disseminating, presenting,
arranging training and seminar courses, or providing the non-formal education teaching.

(3) Mechanism of the mass media in charge of managing the informal

education. This is an important mechanism at present as the general people could
approach this mechanism rapidly and easily, and it is so influential to many people in the

society. It may be useful to present and educate the general people about the political and

governmental regime. The important information presented shall make the general people
wise and active to be involved in politics under the democratic regime.