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πÕ°®“°π—È𠧫“¡ ”§—≠¢Õß«‘∏’§‘¥·≈–«‘∏’°“√»÷°…“¢Õß‚ ‡§√µ’
‰¥â∑”„Àâª√—™≠“°√’°∂Ÿ°·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 ¬ÿ§ §◊Õ ¬ÿ§°àÕπ‚ ‡§√µ’ (pre-Socratic era)

·≈–¬ÿ§À≈—ß‚ ‡§√µ’ (post-Socratic era) 9

Õπ÷Ëß ‡ √’¿“æ¢Õß‚ ‡§√µ’ „π°“√µ—Èߧ”∂“¡Õ¬à“߉√â¢Õ∫‡¢µ¬—ß –∑âÕπ

„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∫√‘∫∑∑“ß —ߧ¡ (social context) ∑’ËÀâÕ¡≈âÕ¡ºŸâ§π„π¢≥–π—Èπ π—Ëπ§◊Õ
√–∫Õ∫°“√ª°§√Õß·∫∫ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬∑’ˇ√‘Ë¡¡“‡ªìπ≈”¥—∫µ—Èß·µà¬ÿ§ºŸâπ”∑’Ë™◊ËÕ
‚´≈Õπ (Solon, 638-558 B.C.) ·≈–‡æ√‘§≈‘ (Pericles, 490-429 B.C.) 10

°≈à“«‚¥¬ √ÿª ‚ ‡§√µ’ ¡‘„™àπ—°µàÕ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬ ‡æ√“–π§√‡Õ‡∏π å
„π ¡—¬π—Èπ¡’°“√ª°§√Õß√–∫Õ∫ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« ·µà‡æ√“–√–∫Õ∫°“√

ª°§√Õߥ—ß°≈à“« «‘∏’°“√»÷°…“·∫∫‚ ‡§√µ’ °“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ¢Õ߇¢“ ·≈–°“√„Àâ
§«“¡ ”§—≠·°à§ÿ≥∏√√¡ °√–∑—Ë߬ա ≈–™’«‘µ¢Õßµπ‡Õ߇æ◊ËÕ√—°…“§ÿ≥∏√√¡π—Èπ
®÷߉¥âª√“°Ø¢÷Èπ 11

«‘≈‡≈’ˬ¡ «Õ≈≈— (William Wallace, §.». 1272-1305)

«‘≈‡≈’ˬ¡ «Õ≈≈— ‡ªìπ«’√∫ÿ√ÿ…¢Õß™“« °äÕµ·≈π¥å ‡ªìπ “¡—≠™π∑’Ëπ”°“√

°àÕ°∫Ø¢Õß™“« °äÕµ·≈π¥åµàÕ Ÿâ°—∫°Õß∑—æÕ—ß°ƒ…∑’ˇÀπ◊Õ°«à“∑ÿ°°√–∫«π
Õ¬à“ßÕßÕ“®°≈â“À“≠ ®π„π∑’Ë ÿ¥°Á∂Ÿ°®—∫‰¥â·≈–∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘πª√–À“√™’«‘µ «Õ≈≈—

9
Adkins & Adkins, op.cit., p. 388
10
J acob Burckhardt, The Greeks and Greek Civilization. Edited by Oswyn Murray, trans. by
Sheila Stern, N.Y.: St. Martinûs Griffin, 1998 and A.R. Burn, Pericles and Athens: the Golden Age
of Greece. N.Y.: Collier Books, 1948
11
W.K.C. Guthrie, The Greek Philosophers: From Thales to Aristotle. N.Y.: Harper
Torchbooks, 1950

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