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∂“∫—πæ√–ª°‡°≈â“

‚ ‡§√µ’ ºŸâ¬÷¥¡—Ëπ„πÕÿ¥¡§µ‘¢Õßµπ “¡“√∂«‘Ë߇µâπ¢Õ„Àâ§π√Ÿâ®—°·≈–»‘…¬å
∑’Ë¡’∞“π– ”§—≠º≈—°¥—π„Àâ¡’°“√≈¥‚∑…‰¥â ·µà‡¢“‰¡à§‘¥‡™àππ—Èπ ‡¢“¬Õ¡ ≈–

™’«‘µ¢Õ߇¢“‡æ◊ËÕ√—°…“Õÿ¥¡§µ‘π—Èπ §◊Õ ‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√»÷°…“§âπ§«â“À“ªí≠≠“
·≈–°“√· ¥ß§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ (√«¡∑—Èß°“√µ—Èߧ”∂“¡) „π∑’Ë ÿ¥‡¢“°Á¥◊Ë¡¬“æ‘…
®∫™’«‘µ¢Õßµπ‡Õß √â“ߧ«“¡ –‡∑◊Õπ„®„À⻑…¬å‡™àπ‡æ≈‚µâÕ¬à“ß∑’Ë ÿ¥

°“√ ≈–™’«‘µ¢Õߧ√Ÿ´÷Ëß∑”„À⺟ⵓ¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ martyr °àÕº≈ –‡∑◊Õπ
Õ¬à“ß„À≠àÀ≈«ß·°à‡æ≈‚µâ·≈–§π√ÿàπÀ≈—ß ‡¢“§◊Õ∫√¡§√Ÿ¢Õߪí≠≠“™π (the
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patron saint of intellectuals) π—Ëπ§◊Õ 1. §«“¡¬‘Ëß„À≠à¢ÕßÕÿ¥¡§µ‘∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å
§πÀπ÷Ëßæ÷ß√—°…“‰«â·≈–„À⧫“¡»√—∑∏“‰ªµ≈Õ¥ 2. ™’«‘µ¢Õß‚ ‡§√µ’ ‡ªìπ™’«‘µ

∑’ˇªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß ‡ªìπ™’«‘µ¢ÕߺŸâ∑’Ë· «ßÀ“§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–§ÿ≥∏√√¡ ‚¥¬„Àâ∑—Èß Õß
Õ¥√—∫°—π ‰¡à¢—¥·¬âß°—π °≈à“«§◊Õ∫Ÿ√≥¿“æ¢Õߧ«“¡§‘¥°—∫°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘
(integrity and philosophic lifestyle) À¡“¬§«“¡«à“§‘¥Õ¬à“߉√ °Á∑”µ“¡ ‘Ëß∑’˧‘¥

(knowledge synonymous with virtue for a person who knew the truth would
act righteously) 3. ‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√»÷°…“§âπ§«â“·≈–°“√· ¥ß§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ

Õ—π‡ªìπÕÿ¥¡§µ‘∑’Ë‚ ‡§√µ’ ¬÷¥¡—Ëπ 4. «‘∏’°“√»÷°…“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ·∫∫‚ ‡§√µ’ ·≈–
5. ·√ߺ≈—°¥—π„À⻑…¬å§◊Õ‡æ≈‚µâº≈‘µß“𠔧—≠Ê ÕÕ°¡“„Àâ‚≈°‡æ◊ËÕ “πµàÕ
«‘∏’§‘¥·≈–«‘∏’°“√»÷°…“¢Õߧ√Ÿ √«¡∑—Èß®—¥µ—Èß ∂“∫—π»÷°…“‡√’¬°«à“ the Academy

‡æ◊ËÕ„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°à§π√ÿàπÀ≈—ß àߺ≈„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ¥â“πª√—™≠“·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß°“√ª°§√Õß
8
¢Õß°√’°°≈“¬‡ªìπ»“ µ√å ”§—≠∑’Ë¡’º≈ –‡∑◊ÕπµàÕ‚≈°π—∫µ—Èß·µàπ—Èπ‡ªìπµâπ¡“

7 nd
C. Warren Hollister, 2 ed. Roots of the Western Tradition. N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1972 p. 108
8
Freeman, ibid., pp. 267-268 and Hollister, ibid., p. 109

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