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(2) The COVID-19 outbreak affected everyone. Most crises directly
impact certain groups of people. Some people may be unrelated

and hardly affected. Since the COVID-19 outbreak affected everyone,
the information reached all people in society, often through personal

communication devices and social media.

Risks from the COVID-19 outbreak led to a crisis of
communication in society.

The spread of information usually occurs quickly and reaches

a wide range of people. When stirring information occurred during the
COVID-19 outbreak, there were many misunderstandings that caused
damage to society. In particular, some misunderstanding resulted in

incorrect decisions concerning health and life. Stirring information

created panic in society, affecting the overall economy. In addition,
some misinformation intentionally damaged real people.

When recipients are inundated with information, which may be
false, malicious, or confusing, receiving information from various sources
becomes a critical concern and challenge. Discerning whether information

is trustworthy or not requires the ability to filter and evaluate the

reliability of the sources. The recipient of information must analyze what
is false or true. Particularly in the uncertain and unpredictable conditions
brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, managing daily life under such