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4) All of the political parties that were serious about earning the votes of Bangkok
voters had as part of their party platforms policies concerning the development of Bangkok.
These policy planks covered the following aspects of development: 1) economy, employment,

occupation promotion; 2) transportation; 3) environment; 4) education; and 5) tourism. However,

there was no big difference between each party’s policies, and the urban policy campaign
did not have an influence on the voters.

5) The strategies and tactics used by political parties and candidates in their election
campaigns played crucial roles in their electoral success or failure.

5.1) Parties and candidates must successfully know their constituency very well,

especially voter demography.

5.2) They must also understand various forms of community which is the core polity
where the political campaigning and political decisions take place. There are

two major types of community in the Bangkok political landscape: 1) the state-
registered community, and 2) the privately gated community. These two types

of political communities have distinctive forms of political lives and different
access to information.

5.3) Clientelism in Bangkok does not operate city-wide, but it is still crucial for the
success of an election campaign and electoral victory in some areas, especially

in constituencies that have close races. There are three types of clientelism
in a Bangkok election: 1) community level, 2) local administration level, and

3) national level.

5.4) Parties and candidates must know how to use conventional media and new/
social media to achieve desired impacts especially in relation to different forms

of community.