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Challenges to MRA Implementation:
Implications to Human Capital Mobility
in Southeast Asia

Asst. Prof. Dr. Joefe B. Santarita

Dean of Asian Center, University of the Philippines Diliman

According to what was mentioned this morning, that
the implementation of MRAs was considered being very slow,

the question in this presentation is what are the problems
or challenges to the implementation of MRAs? What are the

implications of this slow implementation to the human capital
mobility – or simply, labor mobility – in Southeast Asia? The
outline of this presentation will be the nature and status of

ASEAN MRAs. Then, I will proceed to the challenges to the
implication of MRAs before going through the actions to address

the challenges and the conclusion.

What is an MRA ?

First of all, I would like to mention about ASEAN
Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) . It was established
2

2
More information on the provisions of ASEAN Framework Agreement on
Services is available at http://investasean.asean.org/files/upload/Doc%2008%20
-%20AFAS.pdf

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