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cooperation. For Thailand, an academic study by Kittrakulrat,

et al shows that a validity of the medical license is a sensitive
issue where the potential imbalance or unfair movement of
physicians and relevant policies or agreements embed a sense

of domination.
84
In a different way, the MRA on engineering services has

established ACPECC as a “quasi-supranational ” institution
85
that grants an ASEAN-level qualification where a certain
delegation of power has been conferred to the ASEAN institution.

Significantly, ACPECC not only sets the standards to be met to
be recognised as ACPE, but also has an authority to confer ACPE

status. Without ACPE status, professionals cannot submit an
86
application to other ASEAN countries. However, an implication
of having ACPECC is that there is no real regional qualification.

ACPE is insufficient for professionals to supply service in other
member countries. ASEAN qualification holders should submit

an application to a national authority for assessment. Individuals
should first obtain a license either in the country of origin or

84 Jathurong Kittrakulrat, et al., The ASEAN economic community and medical
qualification, 7 GLOB HEALTH ACTION (2014).

85 Hamnaka & Jusoh, 15. 2016.
86 id. at.

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