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if his or her doctor does not speak the same language where

patient would be worse off without a clear understanding of
what the doctor tried to communicate. From such observation,
92
it can be inferred that quality of provision of services can

be adversely affected by a language barrier where race and
ethnicity also substantially influenced the quality of the doctor-

patient relationship. From the Thai perspective, the validity of
the medical license is a sensitive issue. Therefore, the potential
imbalance or unfair movement of physicians and relevant

policies or agreements across ASEAN countries embed a sense
of respecting the paramount national policy (and sovereignty)

which inevitably distorts the concept of a creation of the
regional body.
93
By way of comparison under the Thailand’s context,

MRA on engineering services provides more systematic
implementation outcome than the MRA on medical

practitioners; both institutional and regulatory perspectives.
For the institutional dimension, there is a realisation of the
MC, established by the COE, as the national body responsible

for the development and maintenance of the ACPER as set
out in the MRA on engineering services. The responsibility also

92 See Kittrakulrat, et al., GLOB HEALTH ACTION, (2014).

93 See id. at.

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