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a two-step registration process. The authority at destination

country fully reserve the right to issue recognition and licensing
certificates. In contrast, the second group consists of the MRA
on Tourism Professionals where it is the only MRA that provides

for automatic recognition of professional credentials. The
tourism MRA has delegated the most authority away from

the country of destination, since, as previously mentioned,
the framework automatically recognises tourism competency
certificates issued at the origin. MRA on Tourism Professionals has

the broadest scope among the ASEAN MRAs. It is a sector-wide
MRA covering 32 occupations in six labor divisions. The last

group is the MRAs on Engineering, Architectural Services, and
Accountancy which contain three-step registration process
by having regional entities that certify the intended workers’

qualifications and experiences, although final authority remains
with the authority at the destination. 53

Interestingly, the academic study made by Hamanaka
and Jusoh reveals that the outcome of an implementation
among these three groups differs dramatically. There is a limited

output in relation to the MRAs on Nursing Services, Medical
Practitioners, and Dental Practitioners due to the highly

regulated nature of these service sectors while the MRAs

53 Hamnaka & Jusoh, 13. 2016.

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