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“√– ”§—≠¢Õß≈—∑∏‘§“≈«‘π‘ µåÀ√◊Õπ‘°“¬‡æ√ ‰∫∑’‡√’¬π §◊Õ

1. à߇ √‘¡°“√∫√‘À“√·≈–®—¥°“√°‘®°√√¡µà“ßÊ ∑“ß»“ π“·∫∫
ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬ ‡πâπ∫∑∫“∑¢Õßµ—«·∑π§√‘ µ™πΩÉ“¬µà“ßÊ (Representativeness)

ª√–°Õ∫°—π‡ªìπ ¿“∑’Ë¡’Õ”π“®„π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫°‘®°“√¢Õß»“ π“
µ—«·∑π®“°ΩÉ“¬µà“ßÊ π’È ¡“®“°°“√‡≈◊Õ°µ—Èß (Election) ¢Õß ¡“™‘° ·≈–¬àÕ¡

µâÕßÕ“»—¬°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡ (Participation) ¢Õß ¡“™‘°∑—Èß°“√‡≈◊Õ°µ—Èß·≈–°“√
µ√«® Õ∫§«∫§ÿ¡°“√∑”ß“π

≈—∑∏‘§“≈«‘π‘ µå¡’™◊ËÕ‡√’¬°«à“ The Reformed and Presbyterian §”«à“π‘°“¬
‡æ√ ‰∫∑’‡√’¬π §«“¡À¡“¬‡¥‘¡§◊Õ√–∫∫°“√∫√‘À“√·∫∫¡’µ—«·∑π‡¢â“‰ª

ª√–°Õ∫°—π‡ªìπ ¿“ ´÷Ëߧ“≈·«Áßπ”‡Õ“√–∫∫µ—«·∑π¥—ß°≈à“« „π‡¡◊Õßµà“ßÊ ¢Õß
¬ÿ‚√ª¡“„™â„π°‘®°“√§√‘ µ»“ π“ (‡√’¬°«à“√–∫∫ ¿“‡¡◊Õß - City council
system) ‚¥¬§“≈·«Á߉¥â®—¥µ—Èß√–∫∫∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ consistory ·∫∫‡¥’¬«°—∫ ¿“‡¡◊Õß

π—Ëπ§◊Õ ¡’ ¡“™‘° 12 §π; 4 §π¡“®“°¿“§√—∞; 4 §π¡“®“°ºŸâπ”‚∫ ∂å; ·≈–
4 §π¡“®“°™“«∫â“π§√‘ µ™π´÷Ëß¡—°®–‡≈◊Õ°ºŸâÕ“«ÿ‚ ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫§«“¡π—∫∂◊Õ∑—Ë«‰ª

(¡—°‡√’¬°°—π«à“ Elders) §“≈·«Á߬—߉¥â®—¥µ—Èß ¿“·≈–§≥–°√√¡°“√Õ◊ËπÊ Õ’°
À≈“¬™ÿ¥‡æ◊ËÕ¥Ÿ·≈°‘®°“√µà“ßÊ ¢Õß»“ π“·≈–‡¡◊Õß ª√–‡¥Á𠔧—≠§◊Õ
°“√∂à«ß¥ÿ≈Õ”π“®¢ÕßΩÉ“¬µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ¡‘„À⇰‘¥°“√ºŸ°¢“¥Õ”π“®·≈–ª°ªÑÕß

æ√–∏√√¡«‘π—¬¢Õߧ√‘ µ»“ π“·≈–º≈ª√–‚¬™πå à«π√«¡ 12

2. „π∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß π—∫ πÿπ√–∫∫°“√‡¡◊Õß∑’ˇªìπª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬
¡ÿàß„À⇪ìπæ≈‡¡◊Õß∑’ˇՓ°“√‡Õ“ß“π (Active citizenship) ¡’§«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫„π

°‘®°“√ “∏“√≥– (responsible participation in public affairs) „π°“√∫√‘À“√™ÿ¡™π

12
C. Cory & D. Landry, op.cit., pp. 282-284

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