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‰¥â·°à 1. ≈—∑∏‘ Lutheranism π”‚¥¬ ¡“√嵑π ≈Ÿ‡∏Õ√å (Martin Luther, 1483-1546)
™“«‡¬Õ√¡—π 2. ≈—∑∏‘ Calvinism π”‚¥¬ ¨—ß §“≈·«Áß (Jean Calvin, 1509-1564)
™“«Ω√—Ë߇» ·≈– 3. ≈—∑∏‘·Õß°≈‘·§π (Anglicanism) π”‚¥¬ æ√–‡®â“‡Œπ√’Ë∑’Ë 8
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(Henry VIII, 1491-1547) ·ÀàßÕ—ß°ƒ… ®–æ∫«à“ ∂“π∑’ˇ°‘¥¢Õß∑—Èß 3 ≈—∑∏‘
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æ“≥‘™¬åπ‘¬¡ (Mercantilism) ·≈–∑ÿππ‘¬¡ (Capitalism) ∑’Ë∑â“∑“¬·≈– “¡“√∂
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‰¡à¢÷ÈπµàÕ‚√¡ ∂“ªπ“»“ π“§√‘ µå¢Õßµπ‡Õ߇√’¬°«à“ Church of England
À√◊Õ≈—∑∏‘·Õß°≈‘·§π ·≈–ª√–°“»µπ‡ªìπÀ—«Àπâ“≈—∑∏‘„À¡à ≈—∑∏‘§“≈«‘π‘ µå
π”‚¥¬¨—ß §“≈·«Áß¡’∫∑∫“∑Õ¬à“ß Ÿß¬‘Ëß„π¥â“π§«“¡§‘¥„π°“√¥”√ß™’«‘µ
°“√∫√‘À“√ °“√‡¡◊Õß ‡»√…∞°‘®·≈–°“√»÷°…“·∫∫ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬∑—Èß„π «‘ ‡´Õ√å·≈π¥å
Ω√—Ë߇» ‡¬Õ√¡—π ‡π‡∏Õ√å·≈π¥å Õ—ß°ƒ… °äÕµ·≈π¥å ·≈– À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ 11
10
John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe From the Renaissance to the Present.
New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996 Chpt. 3: The Two Reformations, pp. 87-137
11
Gerhard Ritter, Luther -His life and work. Trans. by John Riches, London, 1963; The Encyclopedia
Britannica. Vol. 8 Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1967; The Encyclopedia Americana
Vol. 22, International Edition, Danbury, CT: Glolier, 1999 pp. 549-550
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