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Executive Summary

This research report contains the following objectives: 1) create peace indexes and
indicators for the Thai context; 2) evaluate peace levels and make appropriate recommendations;
and 3) report research findings to stakeholders in order to create a peace movement.From the

survey of the knowledge on peace indexes and indicators in Thailand and abroad, the
internationally accepted definition of peace is based on the principle that there is only positive
peace with no physical violence. The systems and mechanisms are applied to keep society at
peace. In addition to the referred definition, the study on the internal factors of peace aims at self-

understanding, a kind heart, and compassion for others. All the relevant concepts must comply
with the Thai context to develop appropriate criteria for peace indicators to measure the level of
peace in Thai society.

This study is the preparation of peace indicators for the context of Thai society. Defining
the indicators and scoring to be clear, concise, and measurable engages four indicators: no physical

violence; safety and security in society; acceptance of diversity/non-discrimination/respect for
human rights; and social equality/fair distribution of resources. A total of 34 sub-indicators are
revised and developed through secondary information from relevant agencies, data from surveys

across the country, an analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on households with different incomes,
and the impact of social inequality.

This research report provides two kinds of indicators at the national and provincial level.

The presentation of the information is divided into the provincial level or the national level. Unless
the province can be specified, the information will be reported as of the national level. There is a
difference in indexes between the national level and the provincial level. The guidelines for making
the national indexes are based on the OECD (2008) and Ebert and Welsh (2004) which emphasize

each index's properties or what they mean. Combining all the data and calculating the overall
indexes are not technically correct (similar to combining apples with oranges), especially if the
aggregate index is the sum of sub-indexes from different sources. This study will use the OECD

(2008) and Ebert and Welsh (2004) for the guidelines through three approaches: 1) Method 1 is for
data grading; 2) Method 2 is for data grouping using appropriate statistical tools; and 3) Method 3
is for index calculation by neutralizing the data while modulating the secondary data (Unit-Free
Principal Data) with Z-Score and Normalization. The data is then grouped using Component Analysis

(PCA) for provincial index guidelines. The provincial information is usually fragmented and
incomplete, like a puzzle with missing pieces, and it is incorrect to use the discrete data to
determine the score range. Therefore, Probability Density Function (PDF) is required to be applied

to the provincial data to obtain a complete picture of the distribution. Then, the obtained values