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4.2) Vote-buying

This research found that in the 24 March 2019 general election, vote-buying was not

a necessary or sufficient condition (NSC) to gain victory in Ubon Ratchathani. As a matter of fact,
in this election, vote-buying was still interpreted as necessary and commonly known to be practised

by a group of political party in most areas in Ubon Ratchathani (carpet bomb was the metaphor
used to describe their vote-buying). The average budget was 200-500 baht per head.

In other areas, however, the strategy of sandwich vote-buying was found. This meant
that if the targeted person does not like the first party, he/she can choose another party that was

allied with the first, because he/she likes the candidate very much no matter what political party

that very candidate represents. Canvassers were responsible for distributing money in villages at
to the homes of the targets or by setting an appointment for making payment somewhere else.
Sometimes, the cash was paid at the time of both the small or grand stage of the party’s campaign

speech in Ubon Ratchathani. However, it was found that more money was paid before the final

stage on 23 March 2019 which was one day before election day (in some areas, vote-buying
happened more than once). That day was considered the grand stage. The overall results were
that those who bought votes did not win the election. However, they could gain significant votes

to support their party in the party list calculation at the national level. It must be noted that those

who bought votes could not win the constituency elections in most areas, in which one-election
cards are employed, in Ubon Ratchathani.

According to the interview with the winning politicians, the candidates who lost, and
canvassers who took part in the campaign, it was confirmed that in Ubon Ratchathani vote-buying

had less impact in this election than it had in the past. The sample groups provided analytical
insight that money for vote-buying mattered for only 10-20 percent.

4.3) The individual conditions of the candidates

According to interviews with both winning and losing politicians, the individual person

was another important factor and when candidates went to the field, it was a major variable that
contributed to their victory. According to the information from the field, when the political campaigns

for the 2019 election were run by the MPs in Ubon Ratchathani, injustice was observed in some
constituencies. For example, some bureaucratic units did not facilitate some political parties in