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effects on inclusive citizenship and checks and balances, not on democracy in
general, while it had negative effects on dictatorship. The results evidently show
that in countries with high income inequality the wealthy proved to be more (not
less) supportive of democracy as well as more (not less) opposed to dictatorship
than the poor. The finding seems less consistent with the individual-level
implications of the redistribution-democracy theory or the self-enforcing theory of
democracy. That the wealthy were more supportive of checks and balances, a core
principle of liberal democracy, appears to be more consistent with the expectation
of the elite-competition theory.

Table 2 Effects of Income Position on Regime Support: Unequal Countries

Tab le Effects of Income P osition on R egime Sup p ort: U nequal Countries
D emocracy I n clusiv e C heck s an d D ictatorship
citiz en ship b alan ces
I n come q uin tile
Secon d .054* -.047 * -.003 -.03 2
T hird .046 -.018 -.015 -.067 *
F ourth .045 -.013 .027 -.093 * *
F ifth .07 8 * -.055 .106* * -.13 5* * *
F emale -.020 .042* * -.026 .061* *
A g e (y ears) .004* * * .001 .003 * * * -.003 * * *
E ducation (y ears) .000 .009* * * .019* * * -.018 * * *

R -sq uare .008 .005 .012 .017
(N) (597 8 ) (63 7 3 ) (593 9) (6155)
E n tries are un stan dardiz ed reg ression coefficien ts.
Entries are unstandardized regression coefficients.
* * * P < .001 * * P < .01 * P < .05
*** P<.001 ** P<.01 * P<.05
Source: 2014-16 A B S I V

Source: 2014-16 ABS IV

Table 3 Effects of Income Position on Regime Support: Equal Countries

Tab le３Effects of Income P osition on R egime Sup p ort: Equal Countries
D emocracy I n clusiv e C heck s an d D ictatorship
citiz en ship b alan ces
I n come q uin tile
Secon d -.020 .008 -.03 0 -.040
T hird .002 -.048 -.013 -.004
F ourth .041 -.049 .047 -.021
F ifth .102* .016 .064 -.03 9
F emale .021 .053 * * * -.042 -.03 1
A g e (y ears) .007 * * * .001 .005* * * -.002* *
E ducation (y ears) .03 8 * * * .018 * * * .03 6* * * -.025* * * เอกสารประกอบการอภิปรายร่วมระหว่างผู้แทนจากต่างประเทศ

R -sq uare .050 .018 .028 .026
(N) (3 27 0) (3 3 7 7 ) (3 17 9) (3 3 19)
E n tries are un stan dardiz ed reg ression coefficien ts.
* * * P < .001 * * P < .01 * P < .05
Entries are unstandardized regression coefficients.
Source: 2014-16 A B S I V

*** P<.001 ** P<.01 * P<.05

Source: 2014-16 ABS IV

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