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Finally, Table 4 shows evidence from the sample countries without dividing
them into two groups by levels of income inequality. Two country-level dummy
variables, as constructed by combining national income and income inequality, are
used with the omitted dummy being unequal and low national income countries. As
presented in the first column of the table, falling in a higher quintile instead of the
poorest one had positive effects on democracy in general. It is notable that falling
in the richest quintile had the greatest effects. This is more consistent with the
expectation of the elite-competition theory than that of the redistribution-democracy
theory. Where people lived mattered not much to diffuse democratic support.

As presented in the second column of the table, falling in the richest quintile
instead of the poorest one had no effects on inclusive citizenship, a finding less
consistent with the expectation of the redistribution-democracy theory. It is notable
that living in an unequal but affluent country instead of an unequal and less
affluent one had negative effects, suggesting that economic development with
increasing income disparity tends to induce people to turn away from electoral
democracy. By contrast, living in an equal and affluent country instead of an
unequal and less affluent one had positive effects, suggesting that economic
development with decreasing income disparity tends to induce people to turn to
electoral democracy.

As shown in the third column of the table, falling in the richest quintile
instead of the poorest one had positive effects on checks and balances, indicating
that the wealthy were more supportive of liberal democracy than the poor. This
finding is consistent with the individual-level implication of the elite-competition
theory. It is noteworthy that living in an unequal but affluent country instead of an
unequal and less affluent one had negative effects, suggesting that economic
development with increasing income disparity tends to induce people to turn away
from liberal democracy. By contrast, living in an equal and affluent country instead
of an unequal and less affluent one had positive effects, suggesting that economic
development with decreasing income disparity induces people to turn to liberal
democracy.

As shown in the last column of the table, falling in the middle or higher เอกสารประกอบการอภิปรายร่วมระหว่างผู้แทนจากต่างประเทศ
quintile instead of the bottom one had negative effects on dictatorship. This finding
is not consistent with the individual-level implication of the redistribution-democracy
theory that the wealthy turn to dictatorship because of fear of redistribution under
democracy. It is noteworthy that living in an unequal but affluent country instead of
an unequal and less affluent one had negative effects, suggesting that economic
development even without decreasing income disparity still induces people to turn