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„πªï 385 B.C. ‡æ≈‚µâ°àÕµ—Èß ∂“∫—π™◊ËÕ the Academy ‡æ◊ËÕ‡º¬·æ√à
§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡§‘¥¢Õßµπ‡Õß ‡Àµÿº≈ ”§—≠Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëߧ◊ÕΩñ°Õ∫√¡§π∑’Ë®–

‡ªìπºŸâπ” ‚¥¬ Õπ«‘™“»‘≈ª–°“√π”, ª√—™≠“°“√‡¡◊Õß, §≥‘µ»“ µ√å, ·≈–
«‘¿“…«‘∏’ (dialectic) °“√°àÕµ—Èß ∂“∫—π‡™àππ’È°Á¬‘Ëß∑”„Àâ≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇¢“∑’Ë«à“π‘¬¡
™π™—Èππ”°Á¬‘Ë߇¥àπ™—¥¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ Õπ÷Ëß ∂“∫—ππ’È¥”‡π‘π ◊∫µàÕ¡“„π∞“π– ∂“∫—π

∑’Ë Õπ«‘™“ª√—™≠“·≈–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ®π°√–∑—ËߺŸâπ”‚√¡—π™◊ËÕ ®—°√æ√√¥‘ Justinian
4
—Ëߪî¥∑”°“√„πªï §.». 529 ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”≈“¬«—≤π∏√√¡°√’°·≈– à߇ √‘¡§√‘ µ»“ π“
5
·∑π ·µà∂÷ß°√–π—È𠧔«à“ Academy À√◊Õ ∂“∫—π °Á‰¥â√—∫°“√¬°¬àÕß„π∞“π–
Õߧ尓√∑’Ë„™â µ‘ªí≠≠“ ·≈–‰¥â°≈“¬‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë„™â°—πÕ¬à“ß·æ√àÀ≈“¬„π«ßºŸâ¡’
°“√»÷°…“¢Õßµ–«—πµ°

≈—°…≥–∑’Ë 3 §◊Õ ¡Õß«à“‡¢“‡ªìπ§π∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥∏√√¡ (Ethical) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°
„πß“π‡√◊ËÕß “∏“√≥√—∞ π—Èπ ‡æ≈‚µâ‡πâπ«à“°“√∫√‘À“√∫â“π‡¡◊Õ߇ªìπ¿“√°‘®¢Õß

§π∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥∏√√¡ °“√∑”ß“π‡æ◊ËÕ à«π√«¡‡ªìπ¿“√°‘®Õ—π Ÿß àß ¡πÿ…¬åæ÷ߪؑ∫—µ‘µπ
‡æ◊ËÕ à«π√«¡ ·≈–‡π◊ËÕß®“°°√’°¡’π—°§‘¥¡“°¡“¬∑’ËÀ≈“¬§π¡’§«“¡„ΩÉΩíπ«à“

√—∞∑’Ë¥’§«√®–‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ π—°ª√—™≠“ (philosopher) ®÷ß∂Ÿ°¡Õß„π∞“π–π—°Õÿ¥¡§µ‘
§◊Õ¡Õß«à“‚≈°·≈– —ߧ¡§«√‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ (what ought to be?) ¡’∫√√∑—¥∞“π∑’Ë
·πàπÕπÀπ÷Ë߉«â¬÷¥∂◊Õ (normative) ·≈–Àπ÷Ëß„π®”π«ππ—Èπ°Á§◊Õ§ÿ≥∏√√¡ (ethics)

À√◊Õ§ÿ≥§«“¡¥’ (virtue) ∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬æ÷ß¡’ 6

4
Lesley Adkins & Roy A. Adkins, Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece. NY: Oxford University
Press, 1998, pp. 388-389
5
Paul Strathern, Plato in 90 Minutes. London: Constable, 1996, p. 47
6
Ian Adams & R.W. Dyson, Fifty Major Political Thinkers. London: Routledge, 2003, pp. 3-10

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