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ครั้งที่ 20 ประจำาปี 2561
ประชาธิปไตยไทย: ก้าวย่างเพื่อการพัฒนา

political elites.

Historically, decentralisation has been carried out for a long time, namely since

the Dutch era with the enactment of Decentralisation Wet in 1903 and continued after
independence in 1945 (Gie 1993 & 1994): Law No. 1 of 1945 , Law No. 22 of 1948, Law No. 1

of 1957, Law No. 18 of 1965, Law No. 5 of 1974 , Law No. 22 of 1999 together with Law No.
25 of 1999 , Law No. 32 of 2004 and Law No. 23 of 2014. A number of principles have been

brought to play in defining the term ‘decentralisation/autonomy’. For example, under various
laws, there were different principles used such as ‘real autonomy’ (otonomy nyata), ‘as wide

as possible autonomy’ (otonomi seluas-luasnya), ‘real and responsible autonomy’ (otonomi
nyata dan bertanggungjawab), and ‘autonomy in the framework of the NKRI’ (otonomi dalam

bingkai NKRI) reflecting different responses to separatists’ demands.

When President Soeharto came to power, he passed a law regulating regional

government. What Soeharto did was inseparable from the political dynamics that occurred

at that time. Suharto announced Law No. 5 of 1974 officially on July 23, 1974. This law was
born when Indonesia had just passed an unstable political condition and the strong political
fragmentation that occurred in 1965. Maintaining political stability became a policy framework

that emerged at that time. Law No. 5 of 1974 was aimed to strengthen political stability by

replacing the principle of “as wide as possible autonomy” to “real and responsible autonomy”.
Almost simultaneously with this law, the government has carried out political restructuring of
existing political parties into three parties in which Golkar (Golongan Karya, Functional Group)

became a hegemonic force. Two other political parties – PPP (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan,

the United Development Party) and the PDI (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, Indonesian Democratic
Party) - are nothing more than political accessories to show the existence of democracy in
Indonesia

Changes in Local Government Leadership Election

One of the significant changes after the enactment of decentralisation and regional

autonomy is the problem of the selection of regional or local leadership. It is commonly
understood that choosing a regional leader is the most important aspect of democracy. The

quality of leaders will determine the quality of regional development. In the implementation