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suffered many losses in 1214. And the absence of resources came
back and asked for more money. Again, the landowners were not
too happy. And this, to some extent, destroyed and broke the
camouflage. And we carried this back and forth toward the
possibilities of Civil War. That led to the Great Charter of 1215
which you have just heard. You can go and visit in Singapore, as it
is well talked and it is a rather fabulous document in many
respects, what it does with particular equity and interest of people
of the time. But it also lays down to what we are now which is a
bit more familiar with justice; justice being delayed or denied and
no-taxation point we have talked about. It also set down the
fabulous subject for the first time. No longer owe absolute law to
the King. He had to live up to his part of the bargain. Otherwise,
they didn’t have responsibilities to live up to theirs, either.

May not be a revolution nowadays, but, actually, at the time
in 1215 it was a huge change in that relationship between those
who governed and those who were governed. And that was a
huge draw of the landowners in drafting and negotiating that
document themselves. As I said in the beginning, not one of us
with an easy conversation to have, I think, particularly, in
diplomatic terms.

Now the Pope, if you remember, wasn’t particularly too
happy with this because, again, the Charter deluded him from
some of the tax rights he wanted. He knew the Charter will end
up in the Civil War. French has invaded, and part of that invasion
was to keep the loyalty of the landowning classes at the time
among other reasons. The Second Charter was issued by the
Regent. The Third Charter was, then, issued the following year,
after the French was defeated, to try to keep the support of those
landowning classes after the defeat. And, then, eight years later, in
1225, we had the Fourth Charter. King Henry III sealed it in
order to raise further taxes.

So I want to get across the point that we are celebrating the
eight hundred anniversaries of Magna Carta. In fact, this is the
crisis that took 10 years, four documents to settle. It also was
reformed for the next two hundred years over fifty times by the

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