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Nevertheless, movement of licensed professionals in

accordance with MRAs is still not simple owing to the different
legal and educational systems among ASEAN countries.
For example, the MRAs cannot ensure the actual movement

of professionals as they state no link with immigration
regulations (FUKUNAGA, 2015). Thus, when MRAs are implemented

incorrectly; they may impede the mobility of professionals,
such as by imposing numerous conditions. Additionally, the
differences of legal systems have effects on several issues,

especially social security and professional liability. For instance,
according to Thai legal system, the consumer procedure

is applied in the case of medical malpractice, which is
disadvantageous for practitioners, instead of civil procedure like
in other countries. These differences may affect movement.

If the legal system in Country A is disadvantageous for dentists
compared with the legal system in other regional countries,

the dentists of Country A may tend to move to work in other
countries.

This can cause a shortage of dentists in Country A and

may affect the labour market in other countries.

As it is stated above, real progress in MRAs

implementation cannot be made without addressing the
restrictive domestic regulations impeding mobility in

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