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provides more systematic implementation outcome than the

MRA on medical practitioners; in both institutional and regulatory
perspectives.

Key Words: ASEAN; Mutual Recognition; Services Liberalisation;

Skilled Labours

1. Introduction

The free movement of skilled labour will equalise
the surplus and shortage of professionals between countries.

The employment of foreign workers, whether associated with
foreign investments or not, often brings new technology, new
management skills, and new ideas and can thus help ASEAN

countries upgrade their industrial structure to upper-middle –
or high-income levels. However, the reality of ASEAN service
21
sector can be seen highly regulation-oriented, with regulations
and established processes formalising service transactions.
While it is understandable that domestic regulators need to

adopt distinctive regulatory approaches for each service sector,
regulations can be a serious obstacle to international trade.

21
See Yoshifumi Fukunaga, Assessing the Progress of ASEAN MRAs on
Professional Services, 21 ERIA DISCUSSION PAPER 1(2015).

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