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South Korea has experienced democratic consolidation and deconsolidation
since the 1987 regime transition. In particular, the country had undergone
democratic deconsolidation under the Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye
governments before the candlelight protest of 2016–2017, but South Korean

democracy rebounded afterwards. Figure 23.1 shows a historical trend of the
Varieties of Democracy (V-DEM) liberal democracy index since 1987. The V-DEM
liberal democracy index combines two aspects of democracy: electoral (suffrage,

elected officials, clean elections, and freedom of association and expression)
and liberal (equality before the law, individual liberties, and judicial and legislative
constraints on the executive). Thus, this index shows consolidation and
deconsolidation of liberal democracy at the regime level.

Figure 1 Consolidation and deconsolidation of South Korean democracy

Source: The Varieties of Democracy Institute

According to Figure 1, the historical trajectory of South Korean democracy has

gone through four phases since 1987: consolidation, persistence, deconsolidation,
and restoration. In the first phase, liberal democracy in South Korea continued to
consolidate from 1987 to 2000. Although President Roh Tae-woo was elected from
การอภิปราย the military groups, his government (1988–1992) did not block democratic transition

but institutionalized presidential and legislative elections. As the first civilian
president since Rhee Syngman (1948–1960), Kim Young-sam (1993–1997)
instituted civilian supremacy over the military by disbanding a military clique