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”À√—∫§π®”π«π¡“° √— ‡´≈‡ªìππ—°§‘¥π—°ª√—™≠“∑’Ë∑√ßÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑’Ë ÿ¥
§πÀπ÷ËߢÕß‚≈°µ–«—πµ°„πÀâ«ß»µ«√√…∑’˺à“π¡“

√— ‡´≈‡°‘¥∑’ˇ«≈ å (Wales) ∫‘¥“™◊ËÕ®ÕÀåπ ¡“√¥“§◊Õ‡§∑ ·Õ¡‡∫Õ√å‡≈à¬å

(John & Kate Amberley) ‡¢“‡ªìπÀ≈“πªŸÉ¢Õß≈Õ√å¥ ®ÕÀåπ √— ‡´≈ (1792-1878)
ºŸâ∑’ˇ§¬‡ªìπ√—∞¡πµ√’·≈–𓬰√—∞¡πµ√’ 2 ¡—¬„π™à«ß∑»«√√…∑’Ë 1840 ·≈– 1860

Õ—π‡ªìπ™à«ß‡«≈“∑’Ë ¬“¡°”≈—ß∂Ÿ°Õ—ß°ƒ…∫’∫∫—ߧ—∫„Àâ≈ßπ“¡„π —≠≠“∫“«√‘Ëß
(Bowring Treaty, §.». 1855) ·≈–Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈°“√≈à“‡¡◊Õߢ÷Èπ¢ÕßÕ—ß°ƒ…°”≈—ß
·ºà¢¬“¬‰ª∑—Ë«‚≈°

™à«ß‡«≈“¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ™à«ß∑’ËÕ—ß°ƒ…∑√ßÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ “¡“√∂≈à“
‡¡◊Õߢ÷Èπ‰¥â∑—Ë«‚≈° Õ—ß°ƒ…¡’√“¬‰¥â·≈–º≈ª√–‚¬™πå¡À“»“≈®“°π‚¬∫“¬≈à“
Õ“≥“π‘§¡¿“¬„µâ°“√π”¢Õß√—∞∫“≈„π¬ÿ§√—∞ ¿“·≈–√–∫∫∑ÿππ‘¬¡ ‚¥¬¡’

æ√–√“™‘π’«‘§µÕ‡√’¬‡ªìπª√–¡ÿ¢ (§.». 1819-1901) 2

√— ‡´≈‡¢â“‡√’¬π«‘™“§≥‘µ»“ µ√å·≈–ª√—™≠“∑’Ë¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡§¡∫√‘¥®å
¿“¬À≈—߉¥â‡ªìπÕ“®“√¬å∑’Ë ∂“∫—π·Ààßπ—Èπ ·µà°Á∂Ÿ°‰≈àÕÕ°„πªï 1915 À≈—ß®“°

‰¡à¬Õ¡‡ ’¬§à“ª√—∫∑’ˇ¢“‰¥â‡¢’¬π„∫ª≈‘«µàÕµâ“𧔠—Ë߇°≥±å∑À“√¢Õß√—∞∫“≈
Õ—ß°ƒ…„π√–À«à“ß ß§√“¡‚≈°§√—Èß∑’Ë 1

„πªï §.». 1918 Õ—π‡ªìπªï ÿ¥∑⓬¢Õß ß§√“¡‚≈°§√—Èß·√° √— ‡´≈°Á∂Ÿ°®—∫

·≈–∂Ÿ°§ÿ¡¢—ß 6 ‡¥◊ÕπÀ≈—ß®“°‡¢’¬π∫∑§«“¡«‘®“√≥åª√–‡∑»°≈ÿà¡æ—π∏¡‘µ√Õ¬à“ß
√ÿπ·√ß 3

2
Cecil Woodham-Smith, Queen Victoria: Her Life and Times, 1819-1901. (London:
Cardinal, 1975)
3
Bertrand Russell, Autobiography. London: Routledge, 1998

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