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m -l~~-lY11::11'1l'VillYl~LJLl U 1ll uYi'il::m-lYil'ViUlrh 'ViElY11::11'1l- accordance with true royal tradition, he shared in the
1-lfll.h::L Ylft'll1~LL~::th::'Il1'1lU joys and sorrows of his people and worked for their
~~Elm::LJ::L 1~1 i'i tJ Ll "';-l'f'llR~LJ 'lYim-lt.h::nElUY11::- benefit.
11'1lmrntln'ilYi1t1Y11::R~Drurul Y11::11t1::El~Rl'Vi:: i.YiLR~'il- In the economic realm, he courageously went
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Y11::11'1l~lL it uLflmJ111!1 !J1m!lY)El-lri u~h-l ') L ~ El'il::i.Yim-l ahead with the unpopular policy of reducing the
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mlUn-lRl1Yl mJR'!J~U'!JEl-l111!1 n1v11t1Y11::El-lr1LEl-l Yl~-lit government budget, set up a Financial Council to
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L Y111::Yl1 -lfiEl~l!1th::L Y1rn nl1U nTl1 El-llh::L YlftRtll!ILL~' control spending, and reduced greatly his own
1U11rn 'h Y11::l 'iilLL~U~U n~UU1::'Il1'1lU~El!l11lJYlmJff'!JL UU budgetary allocation.
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ElU 'ViU-lElUL~tI1nU In the political sphere, his opinion has always
1 U Yl1-lLft11!1!n'il i.Yim -l~~ffU Y11::11'1l'Villyj'tlLL ril '!JDqJ- been that the absolute monarchical form of govern-
'Vil1nll~Yi1rml1~~YlElU-lUU1::!I1rn.LL~U~U i~i'-lffJl1nl1 ment was fast becoming outdated. He thus set about

Tl~-l;1UL ~ElTl1UTl!l11t1~lLJ LL~::m -l~~~YlElU-lUU1::!I1rn 1 U preparing for a step-by-step transformation of the
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ff1U'!JEl-lY11::!I'Viln1!l~~1uYi1LJ political system into a constitutional monarchy. He

1 U Yl1-lnl1l3jEl-lnl1UnmEl-l created the Supreme Council of State, made up of
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LL 1m1lJ1'1lm~11 1::UElUfflJmrn lrulffYllhl'1lUU UU1U'il:: senior princes, to advise him. He established the
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~UR~tI ~-lm-lftn1!l11TIm1LlnmEl-l~1-l') ll~::m-lL~1t1!1nl1 Committee of the Privy Council as, to quote the
mh-lL uUfh~~u'!J::'u L ~m Ll~tlULL U~-lnl1UnmEl-li. Uff1::UElU King himself, "a restraining influence against (the
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Ll1::'Il1~Lli.~tl 'lYim -lY11::mrn 11 U1~L n~l '1 1 ii~J--l "Elii- Monarch's) misuse of power" and "as a means of
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1!!IUmRJll " ;1u L UUffm~U1n1!l1'!JEl-lY11::El-lfi 1~tljj experimenting and learning in methods of parliamen-
Y11::l.Jd!l1-lfl,fu~1 'Villi ~"hu lrunl1 1 Um1U1'Vil111'1lm1 tary debate". He also set in train efforts at organizing
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LL~U~ULUUff!ll~n 1U1~ln~1'1 1'V!"ii "ffmm1lJnl1El-lTl- municipalities "as a means of teaching the people
!IU~1" 11u L ~El ''LUULTl~El-lL'Viittl1~m1 H'Y11::11'1lD1U l'il how to vote", hoping that they would learn first "to
1UYl1-l~~~" Ll~::L~El '\uU1TInl11 Um1Yl~~El-lLL~::L1t1U f control local affairs before they attempt to control
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L~tl1nU nl1th::'Il!lLLUU1;l"Rm" UElnlllmrUrJ-l'lYim-lm::- state affairs through a parliament".
mrnl1th~Ln~l'1 1i9ilLitum1imLlLLUtJnl1unmfl-lLLUU His interest in education, knowledge and religion
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LYlftUlfl L~El '1J m.Juu 1:: 'Ill 'Ilu1 U1TInl1 H'ffYl~~-lfl::LL U U were linked. While he saw education as the key to
L1~LJl' Yi1tlm -ljjY11::11'1l,i1111 ''th::'Il1'1lUfI11~'il::fI1UfI!I progress and science as the way to development,
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nl1Unfl1El-lY) El-lri U 1 iL UULfftl rlElU ~ 'il::Y1t11t11!1l,j lf11UTl!l he recognized early that the influx of modern know-
nl1UnmEl-lU1::lYlft 1~tl~lUYl1-l "1~!ffm" ledge was likely to upset the Thai social fabric. He
1uYilUnl1ftn1!l1lL~::nl1ftlffUl m-lL~Ul1 1 'Il'll 1 therefore proposed that the acquisition of modern

L UU ~J--lLL "';-lTl11!1L 'il1qJJ-l!l1~" LL~::lYltJ1ftlff~1 L UU 'ViU Yl1-l knowledge should go hand in hand with moral edu-
ffm1rr~U lU1::L Ylft LL~nm -lm::'ViUnri-lUnl1nl1LL~'!Jtllti cation. The wat and the monks should continue to
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'!JEl-lEll1LJ~11!1~1-l'll1~~Yl~Uff!lU'il::Ulf111lJ1::~11::Rlt1lJl playa role. He also wanted to direct education to-

ffff-lfl!l'l Yltl ~-lm-ljjY11::11'1l9il111 nl1ftn1!l1 'l;JTl11LLtlnllln wards socializing the people in the democratic way
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1~ fI11~'il::i~m1ftn1!l1Yl1-lft~~11lJ'llifitl-ltin~unl11 i of life.
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Tl11!1f RlJ~tl1 'Vi;J UEl nil 1 nu::'urJ-lm-ljjY11::11'1l,h1LL U1lL u: His systematic approach to political develop-
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l1Tl11'il~91n11ftn1!l1Ell.Jd!lLl1::'Il1'1lU 1 Un11 1 ii11i1m!lLL uu ment was overtaken by the "Khana Rasdorn" coup
Ll 1 ::'Il1 fl Lli. ~tlYi1t1 of June, 24, 1932 demanding constitutional govern-
ment. Naturally, the King conceded, relinquished
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LL U 1Y11::11'1l9111lL~::Y11::11'1ln1rntln'il911Unl1llJfl-l his absolute powers and put his signature to the
m1UnmEl-lL'Vi~ld rJ-l'l;Jyj'uff!lIlYli~~ m1LLl~tlULL U~-lm1 country's first permanent constitution of December
Unmfl-l 191tlmi!lUflfI~~L 1LJn~ULEl-ll1 "f1rn::111!1!J1" nL n~ 10, 1932, thereby symbolizing the granting of sove-
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'!JULRtlnflU l!lEl1UYll!l~ !InUl[JU Y1.ft. l!l~fn/C: reign powers to the general populace.