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residents at local government level such as the petition for dissolution of the
local assembly, petition for removal of assembly members, petition for removal
of the chief executives, petition to enact (or revise or abolish) bye-laws, petition
to audit local government activities, petition for audit and lawsuit. Fear of
removal from the office makes the chief executives and members of local
assemblies more responsible and responsive to the residents.

ori ontal e aration of Power and rgani ations and Personnel
ystem

Separation of power is adopted in most of the countries in the world.
However, the specific ways of separation of power and the relationships
between organizations concerned or check and balance systems are different
from country to country.

Usually legislative power, executive power and judicial power are identified
as the specific content of the basic state power and they are borne by
different organizations; parliament or congress or diet, cabinet, and judiciary.
Different branches of government are very independent in some countries but
very closely connected in some countries. While there are countries with the
President who is elected by the people for the fixed term, there are also
countries with the Prime Minister who is chosen by the members of the
Parliament. There are countries which have both the President and the Prime
Minister. Roles of the Prime Minister are not necessarily the same among
countries with both the President and the Prime Minister. There are merits and
demerits in different ways of separation of power and the relationships among
responsible organizations. Probably there is no country or system which has no
problem. Important thing, therefore, is to consider specifically the merits and
demerits of different systems and practices, and also to consider the specific
problems to address in the context in the specific country.

a anese ystem of ori ontal e aration of Power and

Pre ention of Corr tion

The Japanese Constitution has the separate Chapters on the Diet
(Japanese Parliament), the Cabinet and the Judiciary in this order. Before these
chapters, there is a chapter on Rights and Duties of the People, which shows
that the People is the most important as the holder of the sovereign power.
While there are various check and balance systems in the relationship between เอกสารประกอบการอภิปรายร่วมระหว่างผู้แทนจากต่างประเทศ
different branches of government, there is a very close relationship between the
Diet and the Cabinet in Japan where the so-called Parliamentary Cabinet System
is adopted.