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In recent years, we have experience in a number of student movements. And
those student movements started in the campus, but in a way sort of went beyond
the campus. Most of these student movements have been creating much more
liberated space where dissent can be celebrated. The other views can be celebrated.
So, you see, lots of student movements, particularly young people, young students are
coming out in this movement.
I wrote about workers movement, but practically speaking in the last 10,
15 years. This might be because the led politic has declined in the State. You see,
lesser labor movement, lesser trade union movement if you compare it with the
farmer’s movement or the student’s movement. And as I said that new economy is
demanding a lot of appropriation of national resources. Particularly the forest resources
and those places where the mining, quarrying, all those things are done. Therefore,
there’s a new sort of demand for land and forest. Therefore, there are a lot of tribal
and forest dweller’s movements. Those are kind of protest movements which are
creating new spaces.
Then another set of movement is called reforming governance mechanism. It’s
really changing the current way the city is governed, the way the State is governed,
the way the country is governed. One of the most famous examples is right to
information. Although we have a law, and very progressive law in 2005, but it
preceded lot of civil societies citizen movement to have this law. So, it’s not the
benevolent state gave this right to the citizen, but actually the citizens protested and
claimed that. As a result, State has responded. So, that’s one movement. Anti-
Corruption Movement, corruption is such an endemic in Indian politics and Indian
administration. Not only government and administration, but also in Indian society.
It’s again privilege past time discussion in the dining room. And the ideal was that
nothing can be done about it. So, we have to bare with the corruption. That was the
kind of idea. But from 2011, it started changing. It started changing because there
was a huge nation-wide movement against corruption, corruption in politics, corruption
in administration, and any form of corruption. irrespective of class, irrespective of the
religion. A lot of people came and resented against corruption. Then a lot of
movements in recent years is about making politics clean. This is around how political
parties are funded or raise their funding.
Again, yesterday, Dr. Gowda talked about criminalization of the politics. There’s
now a new movement coming to decriminalize in political parties.
There’s also a strong movement by the women’s group particularly to have a
quota system within the parliament. One-third of the seats must be reserved for the
women to have their seats in the parliament. So that’s one category of claim spaces.
ª£¸²£ª±¡¡²¥¸h¡¢h¢µÈ making development more inclusive, and whether the space has been created.
Then the last category I’ll talk about is around inclusive development. So,
In most cases, the space has been created by the marginalized group and it has
been facilitated by intermediate civil society citizen association. Some organizations
